Cov Khoom Siv Zinc Oxide Arrester

Cov Khoom Siv Zinc Oxide Arresteryog ib qhocov khoom siv tiv thaiv xob laimnrog kev tiv thaiv zoo.

LubCov khoom ntes zinc oxideyog tus tiv thaiv over-voltage siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev koom ua ke ntawm azinc oxidetus ntesua lub hauv paus resistor discoQhov no tso cai rau kev txhim kho hauv cov yam ntxwv volt-ampere ntawm lub resistor disc thiab kev nce hauv kev muaj peev xwm los ntawm tam sim no hauv cov xwm txheej over-voltage uas yog kev txhim kho zoo heev thaum piv rau cov silicon carbide ib txwm muaj.cov neeg ntesNyob rau hauv ib txwm ua haujlwm voltage, tam sim no los ntawm lub arrester tsuas yog ib qho micro-ampere degree. Thaum lubtus nteskev paub txog qhov xwm txheej aver-voltage, cov yam ntxwv zoo heev uas tsis yog linear yuav ua rau tam sim no los ntawm lub.arrester ntau txhiab zaus. Lubtus ntesnyob rau hauv lub xeev conducting thiab yuav tso tawm lub zog over-voltage rau hauv av thiab yog li ntawd tiv thaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kis tau los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm over-voltage.

Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv zinc oxideyog ib hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1970, uas feem ntau yog ua los ntawm zinc oxide varistor. Txhua lub varistor muaj nws qhov hluav taws xob hloov pauv (hu ua varistor voltage) txij li thaum nws ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ib txwm (uas yog, tsawg dua li varistor voltage), tus nqi varistor loj heev, uas yog sib npaug rau lub xeev rwb thaiv tsev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam (ntau dua li varistor voltage), lub varistor raug rhuav tshem ntawm tus nqi qis, uas yog sib npaug rau lub xeev luv luv. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab lub varistor raug ntaus, nws tuaj yeem rov qab kho lub xeev rwb thaiv tsev; Thaum lub zog saum toj no varistor raug rho tawm, nws rov qab mus rau lub xeev tiv thaiv siab. Yog li ntawd, yog tias lub zinc oxide arrester tau teeb tsa rau ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob, thaum xob laim ntaus, lub zog siab ntawm nthwv dej xob laim ua rau lub varistor tawg, thiab lub zog hluav taws xob ntws los ntawm varistor mus rau hauv av. Lub zog ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tswj tau hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg, yog li tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Xya yam ntxwv ntawm zinc oxide arrester:

Muaj peev xwm ntws tau

Qhov no feem ntau yog pom tseeb hauv lub tshuab ntes xob laim muaj peev xwm nqus tau txhua yam kev overvoltage xob laim, lub zog zaus transient overvoltage thiab kev ua haujlwm overvoltage.

Cov khoom tiv thaiv

Cov khoom siv zinc oxide arrester siv los tiv thaiv txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub zog fais fab los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, muaj kev ua tau zoo tiv thaiv. Vim yog cov yam ntxwv zoo heev ntawm cov zinc oxide valve sheet, tsuas yog ob peb puas microamps ntawm cov tam sim no hla dhau hauv qab qhov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj, nws yooj yim los tsim cov qauv tsis muaj qhov sib txawv, yog li nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo tiv thaiv, lub teeb yuag thiab me me. Thaum overvoltage nkag mus, cov tam sim no ntws los ntawm lub phaj valve nce sai, thiab txwv qhov amplitude ntawm overvoltage thiab tso tawm lub zog ntawm overvoltage. Tom qab ntawd, lub phaj zinc oxide valve rov qab kho lub xeev ntawm kev tiv thaiv siab kom ua rau lub zog fais fab ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj.

Kev ua haujlwm sealing

Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv xob laim nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo rau kev laus, cua nruj zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem sib xyaw zoo, siv kev tswj hwm ntawm lub nplhaib sib khi thiab cov sealant coated thiab lwm yam kev ntsuas, txheej ceramic ua cov khoom siv sib khi, kom ntseeg tau tias kev sib khi txhim khu kev qha, yog li ntawd kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv xob laim ruaj khov.

Cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm

Peb yam tseem ceeb hauv qab no yog xav txog: lub zog av qeeg uas yuav tsum ris;

Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cua rau ntawm lub arrester;

Sab saum toj ntawm lub arrester dais qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai ntawm cov hlau.

Cov khoom siv tua kab mob

Tus ntes zinc oxide uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj siab.

Qhov nrug tshwj xeeb uas tau teev tseg los ntawm tus qauv hauv tebchaws yog: Chav Kawm II thaj chaw muaj kuab paug nruab nrab: qhov nrug tshwj xeeb 20mm / kV;

Chav Kawm III thaj chaw muaj kuab paug hnyav: qhov deb ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb 25mm / kV;

Chav Kawm IV thaj chaw muaj kuab paug hnyav heev: qhov deb ntawm qhov nkag mus rau hauv av tshwj xeeb yog 31mm / kV.

Kev ntseeg siab ua haujlwm siab

Qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm mus sij hawm ntev nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab kev xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog. Kev cuam tshuam rau nws cov khoom zoo feem ntau muaj peb yam hauv qab no: qhov laj thawj ntawm cov qauv tag nrho ntawm lub tshuab ntes xob laim; Cov yam ntxwv voltammetric thiab kev laus tiv taus ntawm zinc oxide valve; Kev ua haujlwm sealing ntawm lub tshuab ntes xob laim.

Kev kam rau siab zog zaus

Vim yog lub zog fais fab xws li ib theem av, cov kab ntev capacitance nyhuv thiab load tsis lees txais thiab lwm yam laj thawj, yuav ua rau muaj kev nce ntawm lub zog zaus voltage lossis tsim cov amplitude siab transient overvoltage, xob laim arrester muaj ib lub sijhawm los tiv taus qee qhov kev nce ntawm lub zog zaus voltage.

Kev Ua Haujlwm

Txhua hom arrester muaj nws tus kheej qhov zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv ntau qhov chaw sib txawv kom ua tiav qhov zoo rwb thaiv tsev. Nyob rau hauv lub voltage rated, lub arrester yog sib npaug rau ib tug insulator thiab yuav tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm. Thaum muaj teeb meem lossis voltage siab, lub lightning arrester yuav ua haujlwm thiab coj tam sim no mus rau hauv av kom zoo tiv thaiv cov khoom siv fais fab.

Kev faib tawm

Raws li qib voltage

Cov khoom ntes zinc oxide raug faib ua pawg raws li tus nqi hluav taws xob ntsuas thiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg:

Pawg hluav taws xob siab: Nws yog hais txog cov koob ntawm zinc oxide arresters saum 66KV, uas tuaj yeem faib ua xya qib: 1000kV, 750kV, 500kV, 330kV, 220kV, 110kV, thiab 66kV.

Pawg voltage nruab nrab: Nws yog hais txog cov khoom zinc oxide arrester series hauv qhov ntau ntawm 3kV txog 66kV (tsis suav nrog cov khoom 66kV series), uas tuaj yeem faib ua plaub qib voltage: 3kV, 6kV, 10kV, thiab 35KV.

Qeb qis voltage: Nws yog hais txog cov khoom lag luam zinc oxide arrester hauv qab 3KV (tsis suav nrog cov khoom lag luam 3kV), uas tuaj yeem faib ua plaub qib voltage: 1kV, 0.5kV, 0.38kV, thiab 0.22kV.

Raws li qhov kev tso tawm nominal tam sim no

Raws li qhov tso tawm tam sim no, cov zinc oxide arresters tuaj yeem muab faib ua tsib chav kawm: 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.5kA.

Raws lisiv

Cov khoom ntes zinc oxide tuaj yeem muab faib ua xya hom raws li lawv siv: hom hluav taws xob ntawm lub kaw lus, hom chaw nres tsheb fais fab ntawm lub kaw lus, hom faib khoom ntawm lub kaw lus, hom kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub txhab nyiaj capacitor, hom kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob, hom lub cev muaj zog thiab lub cev muaj zog, hom transformer nruab nrab.

Raws li cov qauv

Cov khoom ntes zinc oxide tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg raws li lawv cov qauv.

Cov cuab yeej ntes zinc oxide muaj plaub qib raws li kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj. Chav Kawm 1 yog hom siv ntau, Chav Kawm 1 siv rau thaj chaw muaj kuab paug nruab nrab (qhov deb ntawm qhov nkag mus rau hauv av tshwj xeeb 20mm/KV), Chav Kawm 1 siv rau thaj chaw muaj kuab paug hnyav (qhov deb ntawm qhov nkag mus rau hauv av tshwj xeeb 25mm/KV), thiab chav kawm ⅳ siv rau thaj chaw muaj kuab paug hnyav heev (qhov deb ntawm qhov nkag mus rau hauv av tshwj xeeb 31mm/KV).

Txheej txheej sib xyaw: txheej txheej sib xyaw zinc oxide arrester yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv roj hmab silicone sib xyaw ua lub tsho tiv no, thiab xaiv cov ntawv zinc oxide tiv taus siab, siv cov qauv tshwj xeeb sab hauv, sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siab heev, muaj ob qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv roj hmab silicone thiab zinc oxide tiv taus ntawv. Ntxiv rau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv zinc oxide porcelain, cov khoom lag luam muaj kev ua haujlwm rwb thaiv tsev zoo, tiv taus kev ua qias tuaj siab, ua haujlwm tawg zoo thiab me me, lub teeb yuag, tsis tas yuav saib xyuas, tsis yooj yim puas tsuaj, kev sib khi txhim khu kev qha, tiv taus kev laus zoo heev thiab lwm yam zoo.

Raws li qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov qauv

Cov khoom siv zinc oxide arrester muaj peb hom raws li cov qauv thiab kev ua tau zoo: tsis muaj qhov sib txawv (W), nrog rau qhov sib txawv (C), nrog rau qhov sib txawv (B).

1. Yav dhau los, kev xaiv thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsuas yog xav txog kev ua haujlwm overvoltage thiab xob laim overvoltage theem

Tus qauv hauv tebchaws tau hais tias qhov voltage ntawm lub zog fais fab ntawm lub kaw lus yuav tsum siab dua K npaug ntawm qhov voltage nominal (lossis rated voltage) Un ntawm lub kaw lus, uas yog, K = Um / Un (Um yog qhov voltage siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub kaw lus). Kev rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau ntev hauv Un. K rau 220kV thiab qis dua yog 1.15, thiab rau 330kV thiab siab dua, K = 1.1. Cov ntsiab cai saum toj no kuj tau pom nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim arrester.

2. Kev xaiv thiab qhov tsim nyog ntawm lub tshuab ntes xob laim kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib theem av overvoltage thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub zog fais fab

Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev xaiv ntawm qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm tus neeg ntes yuav tsum ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

(1) Lub zog ntsuas ntawm cov zinc oxide arrester yuav tsum siab dua li lub zog zaus transient voltage uas yuav tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev teeb tsa. Hauv cov kab ke av nruab nrab ntawm 110kV thiab siab dua, nws tuaj yeem xaiv raws li txoj kev saum toj no.

(2) Hauv 110 kv thiab qis dua qhov nruab nrab tsis ncaj qha grounding system, lub chaw haujlwm fais fab fais fab tswj hwm raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm ib-theem grounding tso cai rau khiav 2 teev, thiab qee zaum txawm tias tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho intermittent arc grounding overvoltage khiav ntau dua 2 teev kom nrhiav tau qhov txhaum, hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev no ntawm zinc oxide lightning arrester kev ua haujlwm nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas voltage 10 s ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj. Thiab zinc oxide arrester thiab SiC arrester qauv, tsim yog txawv (qhov kawg yog qhov sib txawv arc extinction, tus qub tsis muaj qhov sib txawv lossis tsuas yog sib cais qhov sib txawv), yog li ntawd hauv kev xyaum zinc oxide arrester thermal collapse thiab txawm tias muaj kev sib tsoo loj heev. Ntsib nrog qhov xwm txheej no, ntau lub chaw muab hluav taws xob thiab lub koom haum tsim hluav taws xob tau muab ntau hom nqi hluav taws xob ntsuas (xws li 14.4kV, 14.7kV, thiab lwm yam) raws li cov xwm txheej hauv zos fais fab grid. Hauv kev sim ua haujlwm ntawm ntau daim ntawv sib tham txog tus qauv hauv tebchaws, qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas ntawm 10s nce mus txog 1.2 ~ 1.3 zaug, yog li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm zinc oxide arrester mus rau qhov nruab nrab. lub kaw lus grounding uas tsis yog ncaj qha tau txhim kho.

Vim tias qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm zinc oxide arrester qis dhau, tus arrester yuav ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib theem grounding overvoltage lossis txawm tias ntau transient overvoltage. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Tsim Khoom ntawm Ministry of Electricity tau thov kom kho dua tshiab ntawm tus arrester thaum ntxov li ntawm 17th kev nyab xeeb bulletin hnub tim 30 Lub Kaum Hli 1993.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab kev kho dua tshiab ntawm tus qauv tshiab, cov cai tsim qauv hauv qab no tau muab tso rau kev xaiv ntawm qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob thiab qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tas mus li ntawm cov zinc oxide arrester hauv lub kaw lus tsis muaj av: qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob yog 1.2-1.3 npaug ntawm qhov siv SiC arrester arc extinguishing voltage tsim, thiab qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tas mus li yog qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub kaw lus.

Vim tias tsis muaj tus qauv sib koom ua ke rau cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim saum toj no, yuav muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tus neeg siv hauv kev tsim thiab kev tsim khoom.

3, siv xyoo 2000 tsab ntawm tus qauv tshiab, kev xaiv kev nyab xeeb thiab tsim nyog ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm lub teeb liab

Hauv Suav teb tus qauv tshiab xyoo 2000 (GB11032-2000), qhov kev xaiv hluav taws xob ntsuas siab dua 1.2-1.3 npaug ntawm txoj cai tau lees paub, tab sis kev xaiv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tas mus li muaj ib qho kev cai tshiab: los ntawm kev xav txog lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm 1.5Un // U1mA ua tus nqi siv los xaiv (tsim) lub zog ua haujlwm tas mus li ntawm arrester. Nrog rau qib tsim thiab tsim khoom ntawm lub tsev arrester, tus nqi dav dav yog 80%, yog li qhov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tas mus li raug xaiv ua 0.8 npaug ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntsuas. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm thaj chaw me me tam sim no ntawm cov kab voltammetry.

Yog li ntawd, hauv kev xyaum, qib overvoltage ntawm 1h ib-theem grounding kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum ua qhov kev xam zauv simulation raws li cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb lossis xaiv lub arrester raws li kev paub dhau los thiab kev xyaum. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov ntsuas voltage txawv me ntsis ntawm cov nqi saum toj no hauv cov ntawv cog lus kev siv tshuab ntawm cov neeg siv thiab txawm tias hauv cov duab kos ntawm lub koom haum tsim hluav taws xob, uas kuv xav tias tsis tsim nyog (xws li 16.5kV thiab 16.7kV hauv 10kV, thiab lwm yam). Qhov laj thawj yog tias hauv cov txheej txheem tsim qauv tiag tiag ntawm lub arrester xob laim, qhov ntsuas voltage hauv qhov nkhaus volt-ampere yog nyob rau hauv thaj chaw me me tam sim no, uas tsawg dua tus nqi U1mAAC, kev nrhiav qhov sib txawv me ntsis tsis tuaj yeem paub hauv qhov kev tsim qauv tiag tiag ntawm lub arrester xob laim; Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev sib tham hauv qab no, raws li cov kev cai ntawm tus qauv tshiab hauv tebchaws los xaiv kev siv nyab xeeb hauv qab qhov overvoltage tso cai (qhov no hais txog lub kaw lus tsis muaj av).

4. Kev xaiv txuj ci ntawm cov zinc oxide arrester tsis muaj av raws li tus qauv tshiab ntawm xyoo 2000 tsab

(1) Lub zog ntsuas yuav tsum tau xaiv thiab tsim raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog zaus voltage uas siv rau cov terminals ntawm lub arrester, yog li nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm kom raug nyob rau hauv lub transient overvoltage txiav txim siab hauv qhov kev xeem load teev tseg. Lub zog ua haujlwm tas mus li yuav tsum tau xaiv kom tso cai rau RMS tas li ntawm cov terminals arrester. Lub sijhawm no, lub zog zaus tso tawm voltage yuav tsum siab txaus kom tsis txhob ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv hauv qab kev ua haujlwm overvoltage yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab ua kom lub neej ua haujlwm ntev, thiab qib tiag tiag ntawm tus nqi them thiab qhov seem voltage ntawm zinc oxide arrester tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account.

(2) Yog tias qhov hluav taws xob zaus nce siab dua lossis qhov hluav taws xob ntsuas rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov khoom siv siab dua, qhov hluav taws xob ntsuas siab dua ntawm cov zinc oxide arrester yuav tsum tau xaiv. Kev xaiv ntawm qhov hluav taws xob zaus siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum sib npaug lossis ntau dua li qhov hluav taws xob ntsuas. Ob lub ntsiab lus no hauv cov qauv tshiab ntawm lub teb chaws tau txaus siab dua, kev suav hauv qab no kuj tuaj yeem pom tias ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm overvoltage. Cov qauv hauv teb chaws, kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ib-theem grounding 2h yam tsis muaj kev nqis tes ua. Hauv qhov xwm txheej loj tshaj plaws, thaum ib-theem grounding thiab load rejection tshwm sim tib lub sijhawm, qhov siab tshaj plaws overvoltage xam los ntawm kev xav yog 1.99 zaug, thiab qhov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tas mus li UC (tus nqi zoo) ntawm zinc oxide arrester raug xaiv raws li hauv qab no:

Lub zog ntsuas (Ur≈1.25 UC) tau raug xaiv raws li lub teb chaws tus qauv them tus nqi ntawm 0.8, uas txhua tus ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Yog tias siv lub arc grounding thiab resonant overvoltage nrog qhov muaj peev xwm khiav tawm siab, lub zog ntsuas yuav tsum ua tau raws li: nias dua? = 0.8 Xaiv lub zog ua haujlwm tas mus li, uas kuj ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Hauv kev xaus, qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev xaiv cov arrester yog txiav txim siab qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm kev overvoltage ib ntus. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab raug ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm siab overvoltage thiab atmospheric overvoltage, thiab kom ntseeg tau tias lub phaj valve tsis ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev overvoltage ib ntus.

Tam sim no, kev xaiv hom thiab tsim ntawm tus neeg ntes yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias lub kaw lus qhov siab tshaj plaws overvoltage zinc oxide arrester tsis ua haujlwm thaum 2 teev ib theem grounding, txwv tsis pub tus neeg ntes zinc oxide yuav tshwm sim thermal collapse lossis txawm tias tawg.

Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xaiv lub kaw lus tsis muaj av raws li cov kev cai tshiab.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub arc suppression coil grounded capacitor device, grounding overvoltage yuav qis dua, ces tuaj yeem xaiv qis raws li kev suav ua piv txwv ntawm qhov ntsuas voltage thiab kev ua haujlwm tas mus li kom ua rau zinc oxide lightning arrester ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qab qis dua kev ua haujlwm overvoltage, capacitor tiv thaiv device, tab sis yog tias koj tsis yooj yim, kuj tuaj yeem xaiv raws li tsis muaj grounding system,

Vim tias lub capacitor ncej rau hauv av rwb thaiv tsev tau raug txiav txim siab tias ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm ib theem av 2h.

Ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tsawg dua qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob, tus neeg ntes tsis ua haujlwm thiab yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub capacitor.

Tag nrho hauv txhua qhov, qhov no yog vim tias cov zinc oxide series valve plates tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ncaj qha hauv series, hauv zinc oxide lightning arrester resistors tsis tuaj yeem dais ntau dua 1.99 npaug ntawm qhov overvoltage, ua los ntawm SiC arcing voltage reference xaiv ntawm zinc oxide lightning arrester rated voltage tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, yog khi kom nce kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm arrester, xws li tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv simulation tiag tiag,

Tus nqi pom zoo uas tau muab tso rau hauv tus qauv ntawm lub tebchaws yog qhov tsim nyog dua vim nws ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.